Use of saccharomyces cerevisiae erg4 mutants for expressing mammalian glucose transporters

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to yeast strains in which a human GLUT4 transport or a human GLUT1 transporter can be functionally expressed and to particular GLUT4 transport proteins which can be functionally expressed particularly readily in yeast strains.

The invention relates to yeast strains in which the human Glut 4 and Glut 1 transporters can be functionally expressed.

Most heterotropic cells transport glucose via special transporter proteins into the cell interior. The various organisms have developed different mechanisms mediating the transporting of glucose, such as, in particular, proton symport systems, Na⁺ glucose transporters, binding protein-dependent systems, phosphotransferase systems, and systems for facilitated diffusion. In the eukaryotes, a family of glucose transporters which are encoded in mammals by the GLUT genes (GLUT=glucose transporter) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the HXT genes (HXT=hexose transporter) mediates glucose uptake via facilitated diffusion. Said transporters belong to a larger family of sugar transporters. They are characterized by the presence of 12 transmembrane helices and by a plurality of conserved amino acid radicals. Glucose transport plays an important part in disorders associated with a defective glucose homeostasis, such as, for example, diabetes mellitus or Fanconi-Bickel syndrome. The glucose transport in mammals has therefore been the subject of numerous studies. To date, thirteen glucose transporter-like proteins have been identified (GLUT1 to GLUT12, HMIT—H-myo-inositol transporter)). Said transporters play key parts which include the uptake of glucose into various tissues, its storage in the liver, its insulin-dependent uptake into muscle cells and adipocytes and glucose measurement by the β cells of the pancreas. GLUT1 mediates the transport of glucose into erythrocytes and through the blood-brain barrier, but is also expressed in many other tissues, while GLUT4 is limited to insulin-dependent tissues, primarily to muscle and fatty tissue. In said insulin-dependent tissues, controlling the targeting of GLUT4 transporters through intracellular compartments or plasma membrane compartments represents an important mechanism for regulating glucose uptake. In the presence of insulin, intracellular GLUT 4 is redistributed through the plasma membrane in order to facilitate glucose uptake. GLUT1 is likewise expressed in said insulin-dependent tissues, and its distribution in the cell is likewise influenced by insulin, albeit not as strongly. In addition, the relative efficacy with which GLUT1 or GLUT4 catalyze sugar transport is determined not only by the extent of the targeting of each transporter to the cell surface but also by their kinetic properties.

The fact that different glucose transporter isoforms are coexpressed and the rapid glucose metabolism have rendered studies on the role and the exact properties of each glucose transporter isoform in these insulin-dependent tissues complicated. In order to solve these problems, heterologous expression systems such as Xenopus oocytes, tissue culture cells, insect cells and yeast cells have been used. However, it turned out that a number of difficulties appeared in connection with these systems: too weak an activity of the heterologously expressed transporters, intrinsic glucose transporters in said systems, intracellular retention of a considerable proportion of the transporters or even production of inactive transporters.

Naturally occurring GLUT4 protein of mammals, in particular that of humans, can be expressed in a functional manner in strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under particular conditions.

Yeast cells are unicell eukaryotic organisms. They are therefore, for some proteins, more suitable for expression than bacterial systems, in particular with regard to carrying out screen assays for identifying pharmaceutically active substances.

The present invention relates to a purified and isolated polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which codes for the GLUT4V85M protein.

Said protein contains at position 85 of the amino acid chain of the human GLUT4 protein an amino acid exchange from valine to methionine. This altered GLUT4V85M protein provides further alternatives for expressing a functional GLUT4 protein. A GLUT4 protein should be regarded as functional in connection with Saccharomyces cerevisiae if glucose uptake can be observed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain whose glucose transporters in their entirety are inactive (=hxt(−)) after expression of said GLUT4 protein. Glucose uptake may be determined either by transport measurements by means of radioactively labeled glucose or by growth on medium with glucose as sole carbon source.

In a preferred embodiment, the purified and isolated polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which calls for a protein GLUT4V85M may include or comprise a sequence of the following groups:

-   -   a) a nucleotide sequence according to Seq ID No. 1,     -   b) a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes to a sequence of Seq         ID No. 1 under stringent conditions and which codes for a         protein GLUT4V85M.

The purified and isolated polynucleotide preferably encodes a GLUT4V85M protein which has an amino acid sequence of Seq ID No. 2.

The purified and isolated polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which codes as discussed previously for a protein GLUT4V85M, may be operationally linked to a promotor. Suitable promotors are in particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic promoters such as, for example, the Lac-, trp-, ADH- or HXT7 promotor. The part of the polynucleotides, which codes for the protein GLUT4V85M is operationally linked to a promotor precisely if a bacterial or eukaryotic organism produces, by means of said promotor with the aid of a vector, an mRNA which can be translated into the protein GLUT4V85M. An example of such a vector is the vector p4H7GLUT4V85M (Seq ID No. 3). The protein GLUT4V85M may be expressed in yeast cells by means of said vector.

The above-described polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which codes for a protein GLUT4V85M is, in a preferred embodiment, suitable for replicating said polynucleotide in a yeast cell or for expressing the part of the polynucleotide, which encodes the protein GLUT4V85M, in a yeast cell to give the protein GLUT4V85M. A yeast cell from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is particularly suitable. For replication and expression in a yeast cell, the polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which calls for a protein GLUT4V85M is present in the form of a yeast vector. The polynucleotide region coding for the GLUT4V85M protein may be operationally linked to a yeast cell-specific promotor such as, for example, the ADH promotor (alcohol dehydrogenase promotor) or the HXT7 promotor (hexose-transporter promotor). The yeast sectors are a group of vectors which was developed for cloning of DNA in yeasts.

The invention furthermore relates to a yeast cell from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which all glucose transporters are no longer functional (=hxt (−)) and which contains no functional Erg4 protein. Such a yeast cell is preferably a yeast cell deposited as Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 15187 with the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 16, 38124 Brunswick, Germany).

The invention also relates to a yeast cell in which all glucose transporters are no longer functional and which contains no functional Fgy1 and no functional Erg4 protein. The lack of an Erg4 protein or of an Fgy1 protein may be attributed in particular to an interruption of the corresponding coding genome sections or to a partial or complete removal of said coding genome sections.

Preference is given to using as yeast cell which contains no functional glucose transporters, no functional Fgy1 protein and no functional Erg4 protein, a yeast cell as deposited with the DSMZ as Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 15184.

A yeast cell as described above is preferably used for expressing a mammalian GLUT1 protein or a mammalian GLUT4 protein, in particular a protein from rats, mice, rabbits, pigs, cattle or primates. A preferred embodiment uses the yeast cell for expressing a human GLUT4 or GLUT1 protein.

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their entirety and also the Erg4 protein are no longer functional may contain a polynucleotide of the present invention, which comprises a DNA sequence coding for a protein GLUT4V85M. Said yeast cell can also express the GLUT4V85M protein and thus contain said protein.

A yeast strain of this kind, containing a polynucleotide which comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein, is preferably the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 15185 yeast strain which has been deposited with the DMSZ.

A yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their entirety and also the Erg4 protein are no longer functional and which contains a polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which calls for a protein GLUT4V85M may be prepared, for example, by

-   -   a) providing a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their         entirety and also the Erg4 protein are no longer functional,     -   b) providing an isolated and purified polynucleotide which         comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein and         which can be replicated in the yeast cell,     -   c) transforming the yeast cell from a) with the polynucleotide         from b),     -   d) selecting a transformed yeast cell,     -   e) where appropriate expressing the GLUT4V85M protein.

An isolated and purified polynucleotide which comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein is preferably a vector which can be replicated in a yeast cell and in which said DNA sequence was cloned. An example of such a vector is p4H7GLUT4V85M (Seq ID No. 3).

The invention also relates to a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their entirety and whose proteins for Fgy1 and Erg4 are no longer functional and which contains a polynucleotide which comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein. Said yeast cell can also express the GLUT4V85M protein and thus contain said protein. A yeast strain of this kind is preferably the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 15186 deposited with the DSMZ.

A yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their entirety and also the proteins Fgy1 and Erg4 are no longer functional and which contains a polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which codes for the GLUT4V85M protein may be prepared, for example, by

-   -   a) providing a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their         entirety and also the proteins Fgy1 and Erg4 are no longer         functional,     -   b) providing an isolated and purified polynucleotide which         comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein and         which can be replicated in the yeast cell,     -   c) transforming the yeast cell from a) with the polynucleotide         from b),     -   d) selecting a transformed yeast cell,     -   e) where appropriate expressing the GLUT4V85M protein.

The abovementioned isolated and purified polynucleotide which comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein is preferably a vector which can be replicated in a yeast cell and in which said DNA sequence was cloned. An example of such a vector is p4H7GLUT4V85M (Seq ID No. 3).

The invention also relates to a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their entirety are no longer functional and which contains a polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which calls for the GLUT4V85M protein.

Said yeast cell can also express the GLUT4V85M protein and thus contain said protein. A preferred yeast strain of this kind is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15188 yeast strain deposited with the DSMZ.

A yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their entirety are no longer functional and which contains a polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which codes for the GLUT4V85M protein may be prepared, for example, by

-   -   a) providing a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their         entirety are no longer functional,     -   b) providing an isolated and purified polynucleotide which         comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein and         which can be replicated in the yeast cell,     -   c) transforming the yeast cell from a) with the polynucleotide         from b),     -   d) selecting a transformed yeast cell,     -   e) where appropriate expressing the GLUT4V85M protein.

An isolated and purified polynucleotide which comprises a DNA sequence coding for the GLUT4V85M protein is preferably a vector which can be replicated in a yeast cell and in which said DNA sequence was cloned. An example of such a vector is p4H7GLUT4V85M (Seq ID No. 3).

The invention also relates to a protein having the amino acid sequence according to Seq ID No. 2. Said protein is a human GLUT4 protein in which a valine has been replaced by a methionine in position 85 of the amino acid chain.

The invention also relates to a method for identifying a compound which stimulates the activity of a GLUT4 protein, which method comprises the steps

-   -   a) providing a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their         entirety and also Erg4 protein are no longer functional and         which contains a polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which         codes for a protein GLUT4V85M,     -   b) providing a chemical compound,     -   c) contacting the yeast of a) with the chemical compound of b),     -   d) determining glucose uptake by the yeast of c),     -   e) relating the detected value of the glucose uptake of d) to         the detected value of glucose uptake in a yeast cell as claimed         in a) which has been contacted with a chemical compound as         claimed in b), with a compound which causes an increase in the         amount of glucose taken up in the yeast as claimed in d)         stimulating the activity of said GLUT4 protein. Compounds which         stimulate the activity of the GLUT4V85M protein can be assumed         to stimulate also the GLUT4 activity.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical which contains a compound which has been identified by the method described above and furthermore to additives and excipients for formulating a pharmaceutical. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of a compound which has been identified by the method described above for producing a pharmaceutical for the treatment of type I and/or II diabetes.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical comprising a compound which has been identified by the method described above and to additives and excipients for formulating a pharmaceutical. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of a compound identified by the method described above for producing a pharmaceutical for the treatment of diabetes.

The invention furthermore relates to the use of a compound identified by a method described above for producing a pharmaceutical for the treatment of diabetes.

The present invention also comprises a method for identifying a compound which inhibits the protein encoded by the Erg4 gene, which method comprises the steps:

-   -   a) providing a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their         entirety and no longer functional and which contains a         polynucleotide comprising a DNA sequence which codes for the         GLUT4V85M protein and can be replicated in a yeast cell,     -   b) providing a chemical compound     -   c) contacting the yeast of a) with the chemical compound of b),     -   d) determining glucose uptake by the yeast of c),     -   e) relating the detected value of the glucose uptake of d) to         the detected value of glucose uptake in a yeast cell as claimed         in a) which is not contacted with a chemical compound as claimed         in b), with a compound which causes an increase in the amount of         glucose taken up in the yeast as claimed in d) stimulating the         activity of a protein Erg4.

The invention furthermore relates to a method for identifying a compound inhibiting the corresponding protein of the Fgy1 gene, which comprises the steps:

-   -   a) providing a yeast cell whose glucose transporters in their         entirety and whose Erg4 protein are no longer functional and         which contains a GLUT4 protein,     -   b) providing a chemical compound     -   c) contacting the yeast of a) with the chemical compound of b),     -   d) determining glucose uptake by the yeast of c),     -   e) relating the detected value of the glucose uptake of d) to         the detected value of glucose uptake in a yeast cell as claimed         in a) which is not contacted with a chemical compound as claimed         in b), with a compound which causes an increase in the amount of         glucose taken up in the yeast as claimed in d) stimulating the         activity of a protein Fgy1.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical comprising a compound which has been identified by the method described above and to additives and excipients for formulating a pharmaceutical.

The invention may be illustrated in more detail below with respect to technical details.

Hybridization means the assembling of two nucleic acid single strands having complementary base sequences to double strands. Hybridization may take place between two DNA strands, one DNA and one RNA strand and between two RNA strands. In principle, it is possible to prepare hybrid molecules by heating the nucleic acids involved which may initially be in double-stranded form, by boiling, for example, in a waterbath for 10 minutes, until they disintegrate into single-stranded molecules without secondary structure. Subsequently, they can be cooled slowly. During the cooling phase, complementary chains pair to give double-stranded hybrid molecules. Under laboratory conditions, hybridizations are usually carried out with the aid of hybridization filters to which single-stranded or denaturable polynucleotide molecules are applied by blotting or electrophoresis. It is possible to visualize the hybridization using appropriate complementary polynucleotide molecules by providing said polynucleotide molecules to be hybridized with a radioactive fluorescent label. Stringency describes the degree of matching or alignment of particular conditions. High stringency has higher demands on matching than low stringency. Depending on the application and objective, particular conditions with different stringency are set for the hybridization of nucleic acids. At high stringency, the reaction conditions for the hybridization are set in such a way that only complementary molecules which match very well can hybridize with one another. Low stringency enables molecules also to partially hybridize with relatively large sections of unpaired or mispaired bases.

The hybridization conditions are to be understood as being stringent, in particular, if the hybridization is carried out in an aqueous solution containing 2×SSC at 68° C. for at least 2 hours, followed by washing first in 2×SSC/0.1% SDS at room temperature for 5 minutes, then in 1×SSC/0.1% SDS at 68° C. for 1 hour and then in 0.2% SSC/0.1% SDS at 68° C. for another hour.

A 2×SSC, 1×SSC or 0.2×SSC solution is prepared by diluting a 20×SSC solution appropriately. A 20×SSC solution contains 3 mol/l NaCl and 0.3 mol/l Na citrate. The pH is 7.0. The skilled worker is familiar with the methods for hybridizations of polynucleotides under stringent conditions. Appropriate instructions can be found in specialist books such as, in particular, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley Interscience; editors: Frederich M. Ausubel, Roger Brant, Robert E. Kingston, David J. Moore, J. G. Seidmann, Kevin Struhl; ISBN: 0-471-50338-X).

The yeast vectors can be divided into different subgroups. YIp vectors (yeast integrating plasmids) essentially correspond to the vectors used in bacteria for clonings, but contain a selectable yeast gene (e.g. URA3, LEU2).

Only when the foreign DNA integrates into a yeast chromosome after introduction of said vector, are these sequences replicated together with the chromosome and, with the formation of a clone, stably transferred to all daughter cells.

Based on this method, plasmids have been derived which can replicate autonomously owing to eukaryotic ORIs (origins of replication). Such yeast vectors are referred to as YRp vectors (yeast replicating plasmids) or ARS vectors (autonomously replicating sequence).

Furthermore, there are YEp vectors (yeast episomal plasmids) which are derived from the yeast 2 μm plasmid and which contain a selective marker gene. The class of the YAC vectors (yeast artificial chromosome) behave like independent chromosomes.

A yeast vector containing a gene to be expressed is introduced into the yeast by means of transformation in order for said gene to be able to be expressed. Examples of methods suitable for this purpose are electroporation or incubation of competent cells with vector DNA. Suitable yeast expression promoters are known to the skilled worker, examples being the SOD1 promotor (superoxide dismutase), ADH promotor (alcohol dehydrogenase), the promotor of the gene for acidic phosphatase, HXT2 promotor (glucose transporter 2), HXT7 promotor (glucose transporter 7), GAL2 promotor (galactose transporter) and others. The construct comprising a yeast expression promotor and a gene to be expressed (e.g. GLUT4V85M) is, for the purpose of expression, part of a yeast vector. To carry out expression, said yeast vector may be a self-replicating particle which is independent of the yeast genome or may be stably integrated into the yeast genome. A suitable yeast vector is in principle any polynucleotide sequence which can be propagated in a yeast. Yeast vectors which may be used are in particular yeast plasmids or yeast artificial chromosomes. Yeast vectors usually contain an origin of replication (2μ, ars) or starting the replication process and a selection marker which usually comprises an auxotrophy marker or an antibiotic resistance gene. Examples of yeast vectors known to the skilled worker are pBM272, pCS19, pEMBCYe23, pFL26, pG6, pNN414, pTV3, p426MET25, p4H7 and others.

In accordance with the present invention, selection of a cell means the specific concentration thereof, owing to a selection marker such as, for example, resistance to an antibiotic or the ability to grow on a particular minimal medium, and furthermore the isolation and subsequent cultivation thereof on an agar plate or in submerged culture.

Cultivation, transformation and selection of a transformed yeast cell and also expression of a protein in a yeast cell are among the methods commonly used by the skilled worker. Instructions regarding said methods can be found in standard text books, for example in Walker Graeme M.: Yeast Physiology and Biotechnology, Wiley and Sons, ISBN: 0-471-9446-8 or in Protein Synthesis and Targeting in Yeast, Ed. Alistair J. P. Brown, Mick F. Fruite and John E. G. Mc Cartly; Springer Berlin; ISBN: 3-540-56521-3 or in “Methods in Yeast Genetics, 1997: A Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Course Manual; Adams Alison (Edt.); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; ISBN: 0-87969-508-0”.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 17 known hexose transporters and additionally three known maltose transporters, which are capable of transporting hexoses into said yeast, provided that their expression is sufficiently high. In one known strain all transporters suitable for hexose uptake were removed by deletion. Said strain contains merely just the two genes MPH2 and MPH3 which are homologous to maltose transport proteins. The two genes MPH2 and MPH3 are repressed in the presence of glucose in the medium. Wieczorke et al., FEBS Lett. 464, 123-128 (1999) describe the preparation and characterization of this yeast strain. Said strain is not able to propagate on a substrate containing glucose as sole carbon source. It is possible to select from said strain mutants which functionally express GLUT1, starting from a corresponding vector (hxt fgy1-1 strain).

If the yeast strain hxt fgy1-1 is transformed with a plasmid vector which carries a GLUT4 gene under control of a yeast promotor, still only very little glucose is transported. Functional GLUT4 expression requires further adjustments to this yeast strain in order to make possible a significant glucose transport by means of GLUT4. Such yeast strains whose cells take up glucose by means of a single glucose transporter GLUT4 can be isolated on substrates having glucose as sole carbon source. For this purpose, a yeast hxt fgy1-1 strain carrying a GLUT4 gene under the functional control of a yeast promotor is transformed. These yeast cells transformed in this way are applied to a nutrient medium containing glucose as sole carbon source and are incubated thereon. After a few days of incubation at, for example 30° C., the growth of individual colonies is observed. One of these colonies is isolated. The removal of the yeast plasmid from said colony prevents propagation on the nutrient medium containing glucose as sole carbon source. If this strain which no longer contains a vector plasmid is again transformed with a yeast vector carrying a GLUT4 gene under the functional control of a yeast promotor, said strain is then again able to propagate on a medium containing glucose as sole carbon source.

The abovementioned yeast strains are the subject matter of International Application PCT/EP02/01373, filed on Feb. 9, 2002, which claims the priority of DE 10106718.6 of Feb. 14, 2002.

Yeast strains whose indigenous transporters for hexoses (glucose transporters) in their entirety are no longer functional have already been deposited at an earlier date in connection with International Application PCT/EP02/01373 with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) under the number DSM 14035, DSM 14036 or DSM 14037.

The polynucleotide and amino acid sequences of GLUT4 are accessible, for example, via the following entries in gene banks M20747 (cDNA; human), EMBL: D28561 (cDNA; rat), EMBL: M23382 (cDNA; mouse), Swissprot: P14672 (protein; human), Swissprot: P19357 (protein; rat) and Swissprot: P14142 (protein; mouse).

Polynucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of GLUT1 are disclosed under the following code numbers of the databases indicated: EMBL: M20653 (cDNA; human), EMBL: M13979 (cDNA; rat), EMBL: M23384 (cDNA; mouse), Swissprot: P11166 (protein; human), Swissprot: P11167 (protein; rat) and Swissprot: P17809 (protein; mouse).

Pharmaceuticals are dosage forms of pharmacologically active substances for the therapy of diseases or bodily malfunctions in humans and animals. Examples of dosage forms for oral therapy are powders, granules, tablets, pills, lozenges, sugar-coated tablets, capsules, liquid extracts, tinctures and syrups. Examples which are used for external application are aerosols, sprays, gels, ointments or powders. Injectable or infusible solutions allow parenteral administration, using vials, bottles or prefilled syringes. These and other pharmaceuticals are known to the skilled worker in the field of pharmaceutical technology.

Excipients for formulating a pharmaceutical made possible the preparation of the active substance with the purpose of optimizing the application, distribution and development of action of the active ingredient for the particular application. Examples of such excipients are fillers, binders, disintegrants or glidants, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, starch, dicalcium phosphate, polyglycols, alginates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, talc or silicon dioxide.

Diabetes manifests itself by the excretion of glucose together with the urine with an abnormal increase in the blood glucose level (hyperglycaemia), owing to a chronic metabolic condition due to insulin deficiency or reduced insulin action. The lack of, or reduced, insulin action leads to insufficient absorption and conversion by the cells of the glucose taken up into the blood. In fatty tissue, insulin-antagonistic hormones have the effect of increasing lypolysis accompanied by an increase in the free fatty acid levels in the blood.

Adiposity (obesity) is the abnormal weight gain owing to an energy imbalance due to excessive intake of calories, which constitutes a health risk.

The amount of a hexose which is taken up by a provided yeast strain as described just above can be determined by means of uptake studies using radioactively labeled glucose. For this purpose, a particular amount of the yeast cells is suspended in, for example, 100 μl of a buffer, for example at a concentration of 60 mg (wet weight) per ml, and admixed with a defined amount of ¹⁴C- or ³H-labeled glucose as sole carbon source. The cells are incubated, and defined amounts thereof are removed at specific times. The amount of glucose taken up is determined with the aid of LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counting). The amount of a hexose which is taken up by a yeast strain provided and as just described above may, however, also be determined by means of a growth assay on media containing glucose as sole carbon source. For this purpose, the rate of growth of the strain is determined, after addition of the compound, for example by measuring the optical density of the culture at 600 nm at regular intervals, and this value is compared with the rate of growth of a control strain (e.g. yeast wild-type strain).

A compound is provided, in particular, by chemical synthesis or by isolating chemical substances from biological organisms. It is also possible to carry out chemical synthesis in an automated manner. The compounds obtained by synthesis or isolation can be dissolved in a suitable solvent. Suitable solvents are in particular aqueous solutions which contain a specific proportion of an organic solvent such as, for example, DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide).

Conducting a strain of the yeast with a compound for identifying a compound in accordance with an invention mentioned above is done in particular in automated laboratory systems provided therefor. Such systems may comprise specifically prepared chambers with depressions, or microtiter plates, Eppendorf tubes or laboratory glassware. Automated laboratory systems are usually designed for high throughput rates. A method such as the one mentioned above, carried out with the aid of an automated laboratory system, is therefore also referred to as HTS (High Throughput Screening).

Seq ID No. 1 discloses a polynucleotide sequence comprising the coding region of the GLUT4V85M protein. Seq ID No. 2 discloses the amino acid sequence of the GLUT4V85M protein. Seq ID No. 3 discloses the polynucleotide sequence of the p4H7GLUT4V85M vector.

EXAMPLES Use of Yeast Strains

All of the yeast strains described herein were derived from strain CEN-PK2-1C (MATa leu2-3, 112 ura3-52 trp1-289 his3-Δ1MAL2-8^(c) SUC2). The preparation of a yeast strain having deletions in the hexose transporter genes (HXT) has been described by Wieczorke et al., FEBS Lett. 464, 123-128 (1999): EBY-18ga (MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Δagt1 Δstl1 leu2-3, 112 ura3-52 trp1-289 his3-Δ1 MAL2-8^(c) SUC2), EBY.VW4000 (MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Δagt1 Δmph2 Δmph3 Δstl1 leu2-3, 112 ura3-52 trp1-289 his3-Δ1 MAL2-8^(c) SUC2). The media were based on 1% yeast extract and 2% peptone (YP), while the minimal media were composed of 0.67% Difco yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (YNB) and contained additives required for auxotrophy and different carbon sources. The yeast cells were grown under aerobic conditions at 30° C. on a rotary shaker or on agar plates. Cell growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) or by determining the diameter of yeast colonies.

Determination of Glucose Uptake

Glucose transport was measured as uptake of D-[U-¹⁴C]-glucoses (Amersham) and the kinetic parameters were determined from Eadie-Hofstee plots. The cells were removed by centrifugation, washed with phosphate-buffer and resuspended in phosphate buffer at a concentration of 60 mg (wet weight) per ml. Glucose uptake was determined for glucose concentrations between 0.2 and 100 mM, and the specific activity of the substrate was between 0.1 and 55.5 kBq μmol⁻¹. The cells and the glucose solutions were preincubated at 30° C. for 5 minutes. Glucose uptake was started by adding radioactive glucose to the cells. After incubation for 5 seconds, 10 ml of ice-cold stop buffer (0.1 M KiPO₄, pH 6.5, 500 mM glucose) were added and the cells were removed quickly by filtering on glass fiber filters (Ø=24 mm, Whatman). The filters were quickly washed three times with ice-cold buffer and the radioactivity incorporated was measured using a liquid scintillation counter. An addition by cytochalasin B (final concentration 20 μM, dissolved in ethanol) was measured in a 15-second uptake assay with 50 mM or 100 mM radioactive glucose, after the cells had been incubated in the presence of the inhibitor or of only the solvent for 15 minutes.

A novel heterologous expression system for glucose transporters from mammalian cells has been developed. The system is based on an S. cerevisiae strain from which all endogenous glucose transporters have been removed destroying the encoding genes. Said strain is no longer able to take up glucose via the plasma membrane and to grow with glucose as sole carbon source. In order to integrate the heterologous glucose transporters of humans or of other mammals, GLUT1 and GLUT4 in an active form into the yeast plasma membrane, additional mutations had to be introduced into the yeast strain. GLUT1 is active only in an fgy1-1 mutant strain and GLUT4 only in fgy1-1 fgy4-X double mutants. The FGY1 gene has been cloned. It is the S. cerevisiae ORF YMR212c. With respect to the function, the results indicate that either Fgy1 or a product generated by Fgy1 inhibits the activity of human glucose transporters or is involved in fusing the GLUT-transporting vesicles to the plasma membrane.

In contrast to GLUT1 and similarly to mammalian cells, a large proportion of the GLUT4 proteins in the yeast is located in intracellular structures. A total of nine recessive mutants were isolated (fgy4-1 to fgy4-9) in which GLUT4 is now directed further to the plasma membrane and, in the case of a concomitant fgy1-1 mutation, becomes active there.

The insertion gene bank described by Bruns et al. (Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 1087-105) was used for complementation analysis. The hxt fgy1-1 strain was transformed first with a GLUT4 plasmid and then with the mobilized insertion gene bank. This was followed by screening for transformants which were able to grow on glucose medium. It turned out that in one of the mutants studied the ERG4 gene had been destroyed. ERG4 codes for an enzyme (oxidoreductase) of ergosterol biosynthesis. This enzyme, sterol C-24(28)-reductase catalyzes the last step of ergosterolbiosynthesis and converts ergosta-5,7,22,24,(28)-tetraenol to the final product ergosterol. The Erg4 protein presently contains eight transmembrane domains and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum. An erg4 mutant is viable, since incorporation of the ergosterol precursors into the yeast membranes compensates for the loss of ergosterol.

The inhibiting influence of Erg4 on GLUT4 functionality was confirmed by specific deletion of erg4 in the hxt fgy1-1 strain. The resulting strain (hxt fgy1-1 Δerg4) was referred to as SDY022.

Protein interaction assays with the aid of the split-ubiquitin system showed that human GLUT4 directly interacts with yeast Erg4. It can therefore be assumed that the yeast Erg4 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum either directly prevents further translocation of GLUT4 or modifies GLUT4 in some way which is important for translocation and/or function.

Likewise, it was shown that deletion of ERG4 in the hxt null strain alone, i.e. despite functional FGY1, activates GLUT1, but not GLUT4. The results of the growth assay are summarized in Table 1.

In order to rule out that Ergosterol itself exerts a negative influence on GLUT4, growth assays were carried out on agar plates containing Ergosterol under aerobic conditions. Any yeast strains transformed with GLUT4 were unable to grow under these conditions (Table 2). The GLUT1 transformants in the hxt fgy1-1 strain showed, in contrast to aerobic growth, no growth on glucose under anaerobic conditions. GLUT1 transformants were able to grow only after deletion of ERG4.

The exchange of Va185 for Met by in vitro mutagenesis rendered GLUT4 independent of the fgy1-1 mutation and resulted in GLUT4V85M being functional even in an hxt erg4 strain.

This observation indicates that Fgy1 acts directly or indirectly on this position which is located within the second transmembrane helix of GLUT transporters.

Table 3 displays the descriptions of the yeast strains deposited in connection with the present patent application with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen (DSMZ)-Mascheroder Weg 1b 38124 Brunswick, Germany.

TABLE 1 Growth of GLUT1 and GLUT4 transformants on glucose medium. Genotype 1% Glucose 1% Glucose Δhxt fgy1-1 GLUT4 − GLUT1 ++ Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg4 GLUT4 ++ GLUT1 ++ Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg4 Vector − Vector − Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg5 GLUT4 − GLUT1 ++ Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg4 Δerg5 GLUT4 + GLUT1 ++ Δhxt Δerg4 GLUT4 − GLUT1 + Δhxt Δerg5 GLUT4 − GLUT1 −

TABLE 2 Growth of GLUT1 and GLUT4 transformants on glucose medium with or without ergosterol under anaerobic conditions 1% Glucose + Genotype 1% Glucose 33 mg/l Ergosterol Δhxt fgy1-1 GLUT1 − − GLUT4 − − Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg4 GLUT1 − ++ GLUT4 − − Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg5 GLUT1 − − GLUT4 − − Δhxt fgy1-1 Δerg4 Δerg5 GLUT1 − ++ GLUT4 − − Δhxt Δerg4 GLUT1 − (+) GLUT4 − − Δhxt Δerg5 GLUT1 − − GLUT4 − −

TABLE 3 Features of the deposited yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Number of deposit with the DSMZ Genotype Phenotype Plasmid DSM 15187 MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Strain growth with — Δagt1 Δstl1 Δmph2 1% maltose as Δmph3 Δerg4 leu2-3, 112 carbon source; ura3-52 trp1-289 his3-Δ1 auxotrophic for MAL2-8^(c) SUC2 glucose, leucine, tryptophan, histidine and uracil DSM 15184 MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Strain growth with — Δagt1 Δstl1 Δerg4 fgy1-1 1% maltose as leu2-3, 112 ura3-52 trp1- carbon source; 289 his3-Δ1 MAL2-8^(c) auxotrophic for SUC2 glucose, leucine, tryptophan, histidine and uracil DSM 15185 MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Strain growth with p4H7GLUT4V85M Δagt1 Δstl1 Δmph2 1% maltose as (Selection marker Δmph3 Δerg4 leu2-3, 112 carbon source; URA3), = ura3-52 trp1-289 his3-Δ1 auxotrophic for Seq ID No. 3 MAL2-8^(c) SUC2 glucose, leucine, tryptophan and histidine DSM 15186 MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Strain growth with p4H7GLUT4V85M Δagt1 Δstl1 Δerg4 fgy1-1 1% maltose as (Selection marker leu2-3, 112 ura3-52 trp1- carbon source; URA3) = 289 his3-Δ1 MAL2-8^(c) auxotrophic for Seq ID No. 3 SUC2 glucose, leucine, tryptophan and histidine DSM 15188 MATa Δhxt1-17 Δgal2 Strain growth with p4H7GLUT4V85M Δagt1 Δstl1 Δmph2 1% maltose as (Selection marker Δmph3 leu2-3, 112 ura3- carbon source; URA3) = 52 trp1-289 his3-Δ1 auxotrophic for Seq ID No. 3 MAL2-8^(c) SUC2 glucose, leucine, tryptophan and histidine

Basic medium: 0.67% Yeast Nitrogen Base without amino acids (Difco); pH 6.2. Auxotrophy supplementation: Leucine (0.44 mM), tryptophan (0.19 mM), histidine (0.25 mM9, uracil (0.44 mM). Maltose may be between 1-2%. 

1-44. (canceled)
 45. A strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which can no longer grow on substrates with hexoses as the only carbon source, and whose ability of growing on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source is restored when a GLUT4 gene is expressed in this strain.
 46. The strain of claim 45, further comprising a GLUT4 gene thereby restoring said strain's ability of growing on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source.
 47. The strain of claim 46, wherein a recombinant GLUT4 gene is under the functional control of a promoter which can be expressed in yeast.
 48. The strain of claim 45 which lacks a functional Fgy1 protein.
 49. The strain of claim 48 which further lacks a functional Erg4 protein.
 50. The strain of claim 49, which comprises a GLUT4 gene thereby restoring said strain's ability of growing on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source.
 51. A method for generating a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which can no longer grow on substrates with hexoses as the only carbon source, and whose ability of growing on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source is restored when a GLUT4 gene is expressed in this strain, said method comprising: a) providing a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, b) eliminating the function of all hexose transporters of this yeast from a) by mutating or deleting the relevant genomic sequences, c) transforming said strain with a GLUT4 gene in a yeast plasmid.
 52. The method of claim 51 comprising: a) providing a yeast cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wherein all hexose transporters are no longer functional and which contains no functional Fgy1 protein, b) transforming said strain with a GLUT4 gene in a yeast plasmid.
 53. The method of claim 51 comprising a) providing a yeast cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wherein all hexose transporters are no longer functional and which contains no functional Fgy1 protein and no functional Erg4 protein, b) transforming said strain with a GLUT4 gene in a yeast plasmid.
 54. A method for generating a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which can no longer grow on substrates with hexoses as the only carbon source, and whose ability of growing on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source is restored when a GLUT4 gene is expressed in this strain, said method comprising: a) providing a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, b) eliminating the function of all hexose transporters of this yeast from a) by mutating or deleting the relevant genomic sequences, c) transforming said strain with a GLUT1 gene in a yeast plasmid, d) subjecting the strain from c) to further mutagenesis, e) isolating a strain from d) which is capable to grow on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source, f) removing the yeast plasmid comprising the GLUT1 gene from the strain from e) g) transforming said strain from f) with a GLUT4 gene in a yeast plasmid, h) subjecting the strain from g) to further mutagenesis, i) isolation of a strain from h) which is capable to grow on a substrate with a hexose as the only carbon source.
 55. The method of claim 54 wherein, in the yeast cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all hexose transporters are no longer functional and wherein the yeast cell contains no functional Fgy1 protein.
 56. The method of claim 54 wherein, in the yeast cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all hexose transporters are no longer functional and wherein the yeast cell contains no functional Fgy1 protein and no functional Erg4 protein. 